Some were made using vegan-friendly alternatives to cow’s milk.

The “venti” (a pint) Starbucks Signature Caramel Hot Chocolate made with oat milk but topped with whipped cream had the most.

It contains 23 teaspoons (93.7g) of sugar and 758 calories, which Action on Sugar says is as much as three cans of Coca-Cola or four white chocolate and strawberry muffins.

Next was Caffe Nero’s Grande Salted Caramel Hot Chocolate made with skimmed milk – containing 15 teaspoons (nearly 60g) of sugar and 503 calories.

Third highest in sugar was a venti Starbucks Gingerbread Latte made with oat milk – containing 14 teaspoons (56.6g) of sugar and 523 calories – the same as 17 custard cream biscuits.

Some of the coffee chains included in the study say they offer a variety of low-sugar options to customers, as well as these more indulgent drinks.

Action on Sugar said consumers may be unknowingly opting for extra sugar because of a lack of labelling and the perception vegan options were healthier, when actually some shops used pre-sweetened alternatives to cow’s milk.

Small substitutions can make a difference.

For example, if the Starbucks Gingerbread Latte is made with almond milk instead of oat milk, the sugar content goes down by 4.5 teaspoons (18g).

Action on Sugar assessed drinks from nine different chains; Caffe Nero, Starbucks, Costa, KFC, Greggs, McDonald’s, Eat, Leon and Pret a Manger.

How much sugar should we eat?

• Adults should have no more than 30g (around 7 teaspoons) of free sugars – sugars added to food or drinks – per day
• Children aged 7 to 10 should have no more than 24g (6 teaspoons) per day
• Children aged 4 to 6 should have no more than 19g (5 teaspoons) per day
• There’s no guideline limit for children under the age of 4, but it’s recommended they avoid sugar-sweetened drinks and food with sugar added to it

Nutritionist Holly Gabriel, from Action on Sugar, said the findings were “shocking”.

“Coffee shops and cafes need to take much greater steps to reduce the levels of sugar and portion sizes, promote lower sugar alternatives and stop pushing indulgent extras at the till.”